Cuba can be inexpenisve if you stay in homestays. If you can find someone to share the room with all the better as most are priced per room and not per person.
Nicaragua and Guatemala are also inexpensive. You can get a shared room in a hostel for about $10, private rooms can be found for under $20 and food is cheap. There is lots to see and do in both countries. Costa Rica is one of the more expensive countries in Central America. Most of what you can find in Costa Rica can be found in Nicaragua but with a far less structured tourist infrastructure.
Look for places to stay that have shared kitchen facilities (or at least a fridge in your room) and you can save a lot on meals by making your own. I bring a steripen which is a UV light water purifier so I don't need to buy bottled water. In just over a minute I can drink the tap water.
Get a good guidebook for the areas you decide to go to. Look on this forum and others such as trip advisor for other people's experiences. There are a travel blogs out there by budget travellers who managed Central America on $30/day.
One option for covering a lot of ground is to join up with a budget tour for some of the time. There are some out there for Central America and Cuba for under $100/day. The advantage of that is often they will assign you a roommate, look after all the transportation and lodging but allow you to do what you want at each destination. You also get a travel guide who knows about the area you are at so you don't waste time and money on things that don't interest you or go on expensive side trips when there may be a less expensive option out there. Tours only will be of use if they go where you want to go.
The United States is a big place and expensive to get around. If you have a means of transportation (able to rent a car), you can camp in national and state parks for a reasonable price. However, you would need to pick what area you want to see as you can't manage the whole country in one trip. The other means of ground transportation is by bus. The intercity buses often drop you off at the edge of the city or in an industrial area so you are on your own to get around. Most of the cities have good transit systems (bus and/or subway/train) but a lot of small towns have nothing other than taxis.
In Peru, if you wanted to hike the Inca Trail to Machu Pichu you need to buy the tickets long in advance as they sell out quickly depending on the season. You have to go with a licensed tour company. That 4 days alone will cost a minimum of $500. The other hikes in the area don't need to be booked as far ahead.
Have fun on your trip. Regardless of where you end up you will have a memorable time.
