Going from July towards January means colder, but the coast rarely goes below 0C - but the West coast is the wettest part of Norway (temperate. Limate in western wind Belt next to an ocen with relativt warm Warrer).

Re trains: please look up a map, no trains following the coast ( due to the fjords) all lines go out from Oslo in “Star shape”
Rely on busses/ferry when travelling along coast.

Norway is not a place if on budget.

That's a little vague. Much of Japan would present a different opportunity. Kyushu? Shikoku? Chugoku? The Sea of Japan coast? Tohoku? If you're on a budget, I would advise you to stick to one region, but beyond that, I think you need to do some research and narrow things down a bit more.

This statement is like putting the fox in the hen house and cutting the chickens legs as well... .

Be careful.... What questions do you have.. At the most, take a tour from a budget hotel.. Everything in Cairo can be done without a guide

You have quite the attitude. Accordingly, this:

airbnbs are booked

is, in my view, a waste of an opportunity. Why do you insist on travelling in Europe and Africa in the same way that you do at home?

In Morocco look for a riad, traditional accommodation with rooms around an interior courtyard. These range from the basic to the glamorous, so there is something for every budget. You can certainly find them in Marrakech, although perhaps not in Essaouira.

If you are using budget airlines and your dates are now sure...book asap.The price will only go up.

Of course the downside is that you are then locked into those dates.

You have to decide what's more important for you...saving money or having more flexibility.

You will not have an answer because if someone wants to go to Podgorica, he/she will arrive there directly and if he/she wants to arrive from Tirana, he/she will use a coach.
A taxi can't be cheap because the driver must going back to Albania. It can't be on a budget.
I don't know if a taxi can cross the border.

Michel

For individual guides, I like the Rough Guides for Kenya and Tanzania - although the most recent one for Kenya (with cheetahs on the front) seems to be aimed at more upmarket tourism and people with their own cars than budget travelling.

I am a relatively recent convert to bothering with a guide book at all - talking to locals and other tourists on the road has served me perfectly well in the past - but as I now work in a charity shop and therefore have access to all sorts of ancient books, I had the 2010 version (elephants on the cover) with me on my trip in 2017. It was fine for sight-seeing info and had a much better range of budget hotels.

Michel’s suggestion of customising old books is a good one. They won’t cost you more than a quid or two each and with a little on-line research you can update much of the price info before you go.