I am in Lyon on my way to Barcelona using Ouibus. I want to visit Madrid. Is Asla the only low cost bus company?

I doubt it, but you probably won't find it any cheaper, I don't think there are any low cost bus companies in Spain. The train booked in advance can sometimes have a similar price and is much quicker.
Checking different web site they all indicate Asla as the bus company. There may be so small independent bus companies but I think I would stick with Asla. How about the train between the two cities?
Only ALSA, but different fares
https://www.barcelonanord.cat/destinacions-i-horaris/de-viatge/comprar-bitllet/

Hi,
Thats correct, ALSA is the only bus between Madrid and Barcelona. Bus companies operate routes on a monopoly basis, which means that you only have one bus company operating each route between two cities. Welcome to Spain :)
Train is fastest, Blablacar is cheapest. Bus sits in between both.
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