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Unless you are entering Chile with a Chilean passport you will probably have to pay the fee. I think you can renew a passport abroad but not get a first one, which you apply for at a Registro Civil with your Cédula de Identidad. You need to get that first if you don't have it. Once you have that you can enter Perú, Bolivia and Argentina with just your cédula. With a US passport you would need a visa for Bolivia and a paid online reciprocity fee for Argentina. Getting a cédula takes max 8 days and the passport 6.
